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Chapter 11
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Chapter 11: The Jeffersonian Republic
The Election of 1800
Jefferson as President
"May it [the Declaration of Independence] be to the world, what I believe it will be, (to some parts sooner, to others later, but finally to all,) the signal of arousing men to burst the chains under which monkish ignorance and superstition had persuaded them to bind themselves, and to assume the blessings and security of self-government."
Judiciary Act of 1801
John Marshall
- Strong Federalist
- Appointed by Adams; was a "midnight" judge
- Chief justice of the United States
- He made the supreme court decision in Marbury v. Madison, and he ruled that what Marbury was saying was unconstitutional (first use of judicial review)
Marbury v. Madison (1803)
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Chief Justice John Marshall was a "midnight" judge himself.
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Marbury was promised a judicial seat but was never swore in because Adams ran out of time.
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Secretary of State James Madison didn't appoint William Marbury, his judgeship, because he was a "midnight" and a federalist judge.
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Marbury sued Marshall because he believed that he should get his job.
- Created "judicial review", which is the court's ability to declare something unconstitutional.
- Marbury agrued that he had the right to his job as a judge that Adams appointed him, but was not granted by Jefferson
- Marshall declared that the part in the Judicary Act of 1789 that Marbury based his case on was unconstitutional.
- Marbury lost the case and was the first time that something was declared unconstitutional.
Marbury------Madison
Barbary Pirates
- Attacked (stole cargo and kidnapped people) merchant ships that ventured into the Mediterranean
- Jefferson didn't want to pay bribes anymore.
- The raids cost France, England, and Spain thousands of ships and discouraged settlement along the coast line.
- The Barbary Pirates operated from North Africa. This area consisted of coastal regions of what is now Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, and Libya
The Louisiana Purchase
- America went to buy land from Napoleon (France's leader) for 10 million dollars.
- Napoleon decided that it did him no good to keep it because he couldn't provide food for his people.
- James Monroe was sent to Paris to join forces with the regular minister there, Robert R. Livingston.
- They were instructed to buy New Orleans and as much land to its east as they could get for a maximum of $10 million.
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Instead we ended up paying 15 million dollars, but we got land that extended north and westward also. (3 cents per acre for 828,000 acres)
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April 30, 1803, treaties were signed ceding Lousiana to the U.S. This in-turn, helped us avoid possible war with France or England.
- There were concerns on how to govern all this new territory and how to protect it.
- Avoided a possible war with France and an alliance with England.
- This had a major impact on American trade because the French couldn't restrict us from using the Mississippi River.
- Following the purchase, Jefferson hired Lewis and Clark to explore the new land and document their findings.
- Louisiana: Valley of Denocracy
- Jefferson's great agrarian republic was now realized
- Future expansion
- Washington's isolationist priciples had been kept (war had been avoided with France)
Embargo Act of 1807
- Said that America would not send out any ships because France and Britain were fighting and Jefferson wanted neutrality.
- We weren't going to export anything to ANY foreign nations.
- Didn't work! It ended up hurting our economy more than anything. Eventually repealed in 1809.
- We then attempted another embargo with just Britain and France.
- Still wasn't good for us because it hurt our economy, they just stole our cargo.
Aaron Burr
- Jefferson's 1st term vice-President
- Plotted to separate New England and New York from America.
- Hamilton exposes and foils plan.
- Burr was arrested and tried for treason but he was acquitted and he fled to Europe.
- Burr challenges Hamilton to a duel
- Burr shoots and kills Hamilton.
Aaron Burr
James Madison becomes president in 1809.
**Madison's Gamble
Background:
In 1806, the London gov't had issued its Orders in Council. It said that no foriegn ships could stop at ports under French control unless thay first stopped at a British port. So Napoleon (French emperor) responded with the the threat that he would seize any ships that entered these British ports. But Britain implies that thier trade restrictions would be dropped if Napoleon's threat disappeared.
Back to Madison in 1810:
In 1810, word comes from Napoleon's prime minister that French decrees would be lifted if Britain also lifted it Oders of Council. With this message, Napoleon hoped to maneuver the U.S. into putting their previous embargo back on Britain, thus creating a partial blockade on Britain that he would not have to lift a finger to enforce.
Madison accepted the French offer, hoping that the threat of the United States only trading with France would lead the British to repeal their trade restrictions. Britain did not lift the Orders in Council. Madison's gamble had failed and he was forced to reestablish the embargo on Britain alone. This ended American neutrality and might have been the final step toward war.
Chapter 11
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