Chapter 12: The 2nd War for Independence and the Upsurge of Nationalism (1812-1824) 

The War of 1812

• Canada became an important battle ground because that is where British forces were the weakest.
• Known as the "Second War of Independence."
• Considered a small war, only 6,000 Americans died.
• War heroses emerged, especially the two Indian fighters: Andrew Jackson and William Henry Harrison

Causes

• The loss of the Ohio River Valley which was home to many of the Canadians and British merchants vital fur trade routes made them displeased.
• Great Britains blockade of ships.
• 1. Western war hawk territorial expansion
  • a. British violations of Treat of Paris (1783) regarding Canadian forts
  • b.British incitement and armament of frontier Native Americans
• 2. British violations of American neutrality rights on the high seas
• 3. urge to uphold national honor & pride

Key Battle

• Battle of New Orleans - 1814,  British attack aimed at New Orleans
  • Astonishing victory for Andrew Jackson and his men
    • Americans lost some seventy men compared to Britains'  loss of two thousand.
    • Restored honor for Americans, unleashed wave of nationalism and self-confidence.
  • Royal Navy retaliated with a devastating blockade along the American coast.
    • Crippled American economic life, customs revenues choked off, bankrupt Treasury unable to meet obligations. 

Results/Treaty

• Commanders for neither side had not heard of the treaty before the Battle of New Orleans in January of 1815. The American win put an exclamation point on the overall war victory.
• 5 American peacemakers went to the Belgian city Ghent, to meet with the British to discuss a peace treaty.
• The Treaty of Ghent was signed in 1814 on Christmas Eve.
• Britain and America agreed to stop fighting because they were getting now where.

Hartford Convention

• Delegates from New England met in secrecy to discuss problems
• Met from Dec. 15 - Jan. 5 1815
• Demands
  1. Financial assistance from Washington to compensate for lost trade
  2. Abolish 3/5 clause
  3. Limit President to single term
  4. Require 2/3 vote from Congress before Embargo
  5. Prohibit two successive Presidents from the same state
• Demands were brought to Washington right after the capitol was burned
• Demands were never met and Federalist party died out

Nationalism - the spirit of national oneness

•  The feeling that the Americans got after the war of 1812
•  They felt more united.
•  Patriotic feeling that would inspire activities ranging from protecting manufacturing to building roads to defending the authority of the federal gov't over the states.

"The American System"

• Henry Clay
• Mainly consisted of
  1. A strong banking system
  2. Tariffs for revenue and protection
  3. New roads and canals

"Era of Good Feelings"

• James Monroe-President from 1816 to 1824
• "Era of Good Feelings" used to describe the administrations of Monroe
• Wasn't as good as it sounded
• Sectionalism was starting
• The conflict of slavery was beginning

 http://www.eagleton.rutgers.edu/e-gov/e-politicalarchive-goodfeeling.htm

Panic of 1819

• Curse of Hard Times brought
  • Deflation
  • Depression
  • Bankruptcies
  • Bank failures
  • Unemployment
• First national financial panic since Washington took office
• West was hard hit
• Led to Jacksonian democracy 

 http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/entry.php?rec=535

Sectionalism and Slavery  - The Missouri Compromise

• Missouri would become a slave state.
• Created the 36 degree 30' line, stating that any state above this line would be a free state and any state below this line would a slave state.
• It lasted 34 years and it preserved the compact of the states.

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)

• Maryland wanted to destroy a branch of the Bank of the U.S. by imposing a tax on dollars.
• He declared that Maryland didn't have the right to tax the bank.
• Gave the doctorine of "loose construction".

Cohens v. Virginia (1821)

• Cohens were found guilty of illegally selling lottery tickets, they appealed to the highest court
• Virginia won

Gibbons v. Ogden "Steam Boat Case" (1824)

• It was an attempt by the state of New York to grant to a pirvate concern a monopoly of waterborne commerce between New York and New Jersey.

Fletcher v. Peck (1810)

• Georgia legislature granted 35 million acres in Mississippi to private speculators by bribery
• Cancelled the transaction because of angry public
• Marshall decreed that the legislative grant was a contract and it cannot be impaired
• case protected rights against popular pressure and enforced right of Supreme Court to invalidate state laws interfering with the Constitution

Dartmouth College v. Woodward

• College had been granted a charter by King George III, but NH state legislature had seen fit to change it.
• Marshall ruled that the original charter must stand becuase it was a contract - and the Constitution protected
  contracts against state encroachments.

John Marshall

• Chief justice of the Supreme Court

Treaty of 1818

• Much-underrated treaty with Britain
• Permitted Americans to share the coveted Newfoundland fisheries with their Canadian cousins.

 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_1818

Monroe's Doctrine(1823)

• Said two things:
  1.) noncolonization- america could not be claimed by other countries
  2.) nonintervention- america would not interfere with foreign affairs.