Chapter 27: Empire & Expansion (1890-1909)

America Turns Outward

Causes for Imperial Expansion:

• Farmers and Factory workers started to look for other markets
• Expanded in population, wealth, production, and labor violence
• Yellow Press
• To spread books and religion
• Darwinism; people thought meant the survival of the fittest and they wanted that to be the U.S
• Wanted stronger navy
• "Big Sister" policy- opened trade with Latin America
• The willingness to go to war over such small disputes showed our aggression (Great Reapprochment)
  -They didn't want the Eastern powers to get control over Latin America and with our imperialist expansion it helped to prevent them from gaining power.

Outcomes of American Imperial Expansion:

• Creation of the Anti-Imperialist league.
• Brought many conflicts at home and abroad.

Hawaii

• great sugar export
• U.S. wanted to set up naval bases

Cubans Rise in Revolt

• 1895
• Roots of revolt partly economic.
• Tariff of 1894 restored high duties on the toothsome product.
• revolted because sugar production was crippled, American tariff.
• Torched cane fields and sugar mills
• Americans had investments in Cuba which drew attention to this conflict
• was believed that whoever controlled Cuba, controlled the Gulf of Mexico. * Became a sensation for "yellow Journalism" or William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer.

USS Maine

-main cause of Spanish-American War

• battleship sent to Cuba for a "friendly visit"
• blew up and killed 260 sailors
• Spanish say it was an accident, US says it was caused by submarine
• in 1976 was confirmed that it was an accidents of spontaneous combustion.
• yellow press incites public to demand war
  • on April 11, 1898 McKinley sends war message to Congress

Teller Amendment

• when US overthrows Spanish rule they will give Cuba freedom

Dewey in Manila

• On Feb. 25, 1898, even before the declaration of war, Theodore Roosevelt commanded Commodore George Dewey to descend upon Spain's Philippines in the event of war
• On May 1, 1898, Dewey sailed boldly with six warships at night into the harbor of Manila
• The next morning he trained his guns on the moldy ten-ship Spanish fleet
• The entire Spanish fleet was quickly destroyed, with 400 Spaniards killed and wounded, and without the loss of a single American life
• Long-awaited American troops, finally arriving in force, captured Manila on August 13, 1989
• Dewey became a national hero overnight.

Invasion of Cuba

• Not well planned as many troops weren't well equipped.
• Lots of confusion.
• Teddy Roosevelt and the famed "Rough Riders" charged up Kettle Hill July 1.
• The Cuban harbor of Santiago would later surrender.
• On August 12, 1898 Spain signed an armistice.

Settling the Spanish-American War

Pact of Paris:

*Also known as the Kellogg-Briand Pact

• originally made to renounce war between France and the U.S., however, Secretary of State Frank Kellogg wanted to retain American freedom of action so he opened the pact to the world.
• it failed in its purpose, but was significant for later developments in international law.

The Philippine Question

U.S. wanted to annex the Philippines because it was near China.

We ended up annexing them.

Foreign Policy with the Philippines

Self-Determination and Anti-Colonialism

Arguments for expansion:

• could "christianize and civilize" them.

Arguments against expansion:

• violate "consent of the governed"
• costly
• bind them to East Asia

Puerto Rico:

• Puerto Ricans were granted U.S. citizenship by the 1917 Jones Act

Outcomes of the "Splendid Little War"

The Filipinos Revolt

• they were not granted freedom after Spanish-American War.
• they revolted, killed people, and got killed.

Open Door Policy in China

• Let every country trade freely with China so no one was left out
• "Boxer" revolt was a superpatriotic group who tried to get rid of all the foreigners

Imperialism or Bryanism in 1900?

• McKinley and his running mate Theodore Roosevelt (Republicans) beat William Jennings Bryant (Democrat) 292 to 155 in electoral college
• McKinley was murdered in September, 1901

Panama Canal:

• Started being built on May 4, 1904 under Theodore Roosevelt
• Two main reasons for its construction: Economic, and Military (get to places quicker)

Roosevelt

-Became well-known from the invasion on Cube with his "Rough Riders."

Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe Doctrine

• In the event of a financial Latin American crisis, the U.S. would intervene and pay their debts to keep European Powers away.

Roosevelt the Mediator

China's Boxer Rebellion

-Their goal was to throw out or kill all foreigners.