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Chapter 33: The Great Depression and the New Deal (1933-1939)

Page history last edited by PBworks 15 years, 12 months ago

The Great Depression and the New Deal (1933-1939)

 

FDR: Politician in a Wheelchair(HILLARY)

  • had infantile paralysis
  • governor of N.Y.
  • one of his great assets was his wife Eleanor Roosevelt
  • -most active first lady in history!
  • -condemned by conservatives, loved by liberals, very contraversial
  • FDR had fantastic appeal:  good speaker, charmer
  • Willing to spend a lot of money for human relief

 

Presidential Hopefuls of 1932(Jordan)

 

Hoover's Humiliation in 1932(Bryce)

-FDR won Pres. election 432 to 59 in electoral votes

-blacks shifted their political balance from Republican to Democrat

        -mainly because blacks suffered the greatest from the depression

-blacks became vital in Dem. Party and emerged into great urban cities in the North.

-The hard times really hurt the Republicans.

-Roosevelt was uncooperative with Hoover during the lame duck period.

-people began to hide their money under their beds and banked locker their doors.

-People were beginning to come upset with FDR, saying he is letting the depression get worse so he will look better when he takes over.

 

FDR and the 3 R's: Relief, Recovery, Reform (Laura)

  • "the only thing we have to fear is fear itself" FDR
  • bank holiday March 6-10
  • hundred days congress - passed new measures to deal with the emergency
  • short term goals - relief and immediate recovery
  • long term goals - permanent recovery and reform

 

Roosevelt Manages the Money(Brittany)

  • In just 8 hours congress came up with the Emergency Banking Relief Act of 1933
  • This new law invested the president with the power to regulate banking transactions and foreign exchange and to reopen solvent banks
  • Roosevelt gave his assurances that it was now safer to keep money in a reopened bank than "under a mattress"
  • The Glass-Steagall Banking Reform Act provided for the creation of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corpoation (FDIC)
  • The FDIC insured individual deposits up to $5,000
  • Roosevelt next ordered all private holdings of gold to be surrendered to teh Treasury in exchange for paper currency and then took the nation off the gold standard
  • The goal was to create inflation, which he believed would relieve debtors' burdens adn stimulate new production
  • In February 1934, FDR returned the nation to a limited gold standard for purposes of international trade only

 

Creating Jobs for the Jobless(Bryce)

-overwhelming unemployment required immediate action.

 -1 out of 4 people were jobless (highest ever)

-theory of "prime the pump" was used for industrial recovery

Hundred Day congress created many new policies to aid unemployment (alphabet agencies)

-Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)-most popular

-reforestration, firefighting, flood control, etc.

-Federal Emergency Relief Act

-immediate relief

-money to states for work projects and direct dole payments

Agriculture Adjustment Act (AAA)

-mill. of dollars to farmers to help them meet their mortgages

Home Owner's Loan Corporation (HOLC)

-refinance mortgages on non-farm homes

-assisted about 1 mill. households

-bailed out mortgage holding banks

Civil Works Administration (CWA)

-branch of FERA

-direction of Hopkins

-provided temporary jobs during the cruel winter emergency (leaf raking and other make-work tasks)

"Boondoggling"-put premium on shovel-leaning slow motion

 

A Day for Every Demagogue

 

New Visibility for Women(Brittan)

  • Fisrt Lady Eleanor Roosevelt was a strong female voice
  • Secretary of Labor Frances Perkins (1880-1965) became America's first woman cabinet member
  • Mary McLeod Bethune (1875-1955) director of the Office of Minority Affairs in the National Youth Administration, served as the highest-ranking African American in the Roosevelt administration
  • Ruth Benedict (1887-1948), Parrerns of Culture (1934)
  • Margaret Mead (1901-1978) has 34 books and a curatorsip at the American Museum of Natural HIstory in New York City to her credit
  • Pearl S. Buck 91892-1973) won acclaim as a novelist.  Raised in China, Buck introduced Chinese in her novel The Good Earth (1931).  This novel earned her the Nobel Prize for literature in 1938, making her the third American to win the award.

 

Helping Industry and Labor(Brittan)

  • National Recovery Administraion (NRA) was far-reaching combined immediate relief with long-range recovery and reform
  • designed to assist industry, labor, and the unemployed
  • a limit was placed on maximum hours of labor and a limit  as placed to establish minimum wages
  • workers were formally guranteed the right to organize and bargain collectively through representaion of their choice, not picked by their company
  •  was criticized
  • Public Works Administraion (PWA, intended for both industrial recovery and for unemployment relief
  • PWA headed by secretary of the interior Harold L. Ickes
    overtime $4 billion was spent on thrity-four thousand rojects, including public buildings, highways, and parkways
  • Major achievement was the Grand Coulee Dam on the Columbia River, largest structue since Graet Wall
    of China

Paying Farmers Not to Farm (Dan)

  • The emergency congress set up the Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA).
  • It was designed to pay farmers to cut down on their production of goods.
  • Didn't start so well. Farmers, taxpayers and consumers were all unhappy about some aspect of it.
  • Paying the farmers to cut down actually increased unemployment.
  • The Supreme Court put an end to the AAA in 1936 by declaring its regualtion of tax provisions unconstitutional.
  • As a result of this, Congress passed the Soil Conservation and Domestic Allotment Act of 1936, which paid farmers to plant soil-conserving crops.
  • The Second Agricultural Adjustment Act was passed in 1938. The terms were that if farmers observed acreage restrictions then they would be eligible for parity payments.

 

Dust Bowls and Black Blizzards

 

Battling Bankers and Big Business

 

The TVA Harnesses the Tennessee

 

Housing and Social Security

 

A new Deal for Labor

 

Landon Challenges "The Champ" (1936 Election)(Jordan)

  • FDR won with the electoral vote being 523 to 8.  It was the most lopsided in 116 years.
  • The popular vote was 27,752,869 for FDR and 16,674,665 for Landon.
  • The 1936 election was probably the most bitter since Bryan's loss in 1896.
  • http://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=73734&rendTypeId=4

 

Nine Old Men on the Bench (Carlson)

  • there were many justices that were over seventy on the Supreme Court
  • FDR tried for legistation that would allow him to add a judge to the Court for every member that was over seventy and would not retire.
  • FDR's worst piece of legislation - lost his respect

 

Court Changes Course (Carlson)

  • very few people liked this plan
  • considered it a "Dictatorship Bill"
     

Twilight of the New Deal

 

New Deal or Raw Deal?

 

FDR's Balance Sheet

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